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An integrated circuit ;(IC), also called a microelectronic circuit, microchip, or chip, is an assembly of electronic components, fabricated as a single unit, in which miniaturized active devices (e.g., transistors and diodes) and passive devices (e.g., capacitors and resistors) and their interconnections are built upon a thin substrate of semiconductor material (typically silicon). The resulting circuit is thus a small monolithic “chip,” which may be as small as a few square centimeters or only a few square millimeters. The individual circuit components are generally microscopic in size.

Integrated Circuits IC has two main advantages over discrete circuits: cost and performance. The cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography rather than being constructed one transistor at a time. Furthermore, packaged ICs use much less material than discrete circuits. Performance is high because the IC's components switch quickly and consume comparatively little power because of their small size and proximity. The main disadvantage of ICs is the high cost of designing them and fabricating the required photomasks. This high initial cost means ICs are only commercially viable when high production volumes are anticipated.

A microcontroller ;is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded system. A typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory, and input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip.

Sometimes referred to as an embedded controller or microcontroller unit (MCU), microcontrollers are found in vehicles, robots, office machines, medical devices, mobile radio transceivers, vending machines, and home appliances, among other devices. They are essentially simple miniature personal computers (PCs) designed to control small features of a larger component, without a complex front-end operating system (OS).

How do microcontrollers work?

A microcontroller is embedded inside of a system to control a singular function in a device. It does this by interpreting data it receives from its I/O peripherals using its central processor. The temporary information that the microcontroller receives is stored in its data memory, where the processor accesses it and uses instructions stored in its program memory to decipher and apply the incoming data. It then uses its I/O peripherals to communicate and enact the appropriate action.

Microcontrollers are used in a wide array of systems and devices. Devices often utilize multiple microcontrollers that work together within the device to handle their respective tasks.

For example, a car might have many microcontrollers that control various individual systems within, such as the anti-lock braking system, traction control, fuel injection, or suspension control. All the microcontrollers communicate with each other to inform the correct actions. Some might communicate with a more complex central computer within the car, and others might only communicate with other microcontrollers. They send and receive data using their I/O peripherals and process that data to perform their designated tasks.

Meba Automatic Voltage Regulators SVC-10KVA When the power network voltage fluctuates or the load varies, the automatic sampling control circuit will send a signal to drive the servo motor which can adjust the position of the carbon brush of the auto voltage regulator, then, the output voltage will be adjusted to rated value and get a steady state.

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are integrated circuits often sold off the shelf. They’re referred to as ‘field programmable’ because they provide customers the ability to reconfigure the hardware to meet specific use case requirements after the manufacturing process. This allows for feature upgrades and bug fixes to be performed in situ, which is especially useful for remote deployments.

FPGAs contain configurable logic blocks (CLBs) and a set of programmable interconnects that allow the designer to connect blocks and configure them to perform everything from simple logic gates to complex functions. Full SoC designs containing multiple processes can be put onto a single FPGA device.

A capacitor ;is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a passive electronic component with two terminals.

The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally known as a condenser or condensation.

The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary widely and many types of capacitors are in common use. Most capacitors contain at least two electrical conductors often in the form of metallic plates or surfaces separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor may be a foil, thin film, sintered bead of metal, or an electrolyte. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics include glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, air, and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy, although real-life capacitors do dissipate a small amount (see Non-ideal behavior). When an electric potential difference (a voltage) is applied across the terminals of a capacitor, for example when a capacitor is connected across a battery, an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing a net positive charge to collect on one plate and net negative charge to collect on the other plate. No current actually flows through the dielectric. However, there is a flow of charge through the source circuit. If the condition is maintained sufficiently long, the current through the source circuit ceases. If a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, the source experiences an ongoing current due to the charging and discharging cycles of the capacitor.

A ceramic capacitor uses a ceramic material as the dielectric. Ceramics were one of the first materials to be used in the production of capacitors, as it was a known insulator. Many geometries were used in ceramic capacitors, of which some, like ceramic tubular capacitors and barrier layer capacitors, are obsolete today due to their size, parasitic effects, or electrical characteristics. The types of ceramic capacitors most often used in modern electronics are the multi-layer ceramic capacitor, otherwise named ceramic multi-layer chip capacitor (MLCC), and the ceramic disc capacitor. MLCCs are the most produced capacitors with a quantity of approximately 1000 billion devices per year. They are made in SMD (surface-mounted) technology and are widely used due to their small size. Ceramic capacitors are usually made with very small capacitance values, typically between 1nF and 1μF, although values up to 100μF are possible. Ceramic capacitors are also very small in size and have a low maximum rated voltage. They are not polarized, which means that they may be safely connected to an AC source. Ceramic capacitors have a great frequency response due to low parasitic effects such as resistance or inductance.

Characteristics

Precision and tolerances

There are two classes of ceramic capacitors available today: class 1 and class 2. Class 1 ceramic capacitors are used where high stability and low losses are required. They are very accurate and the capacitance value is stable in regard to the applied voltage, temperature, and frequency. The NP0 series of capacitors has a capacitance thermal stability of ; ±0.54% within the total temperature range of -55 to +125 °C. Tolerances of the nominal capacitance value can be as low as 1%.

Class 2 capacitors have a high capacitance per volume and are used for less sensitive applications. Their thermal stability is typically ±15% in the operating temperature range, and the nominal value tolerances are around 20%.

Size advantages

When high component packing densities are required, as is the case in most modern printed circuit boards (PCBs), MLCC devices offer a great advantage compared to other capacitors. To illustrate this point, the “0402 multi-layer ceramic capacitor package measures just 0.4 mm x 0.2 mm. In such a package, there are 500 or more ceramic and metal layers. The minimum ceramic thickness as of 2010 is on the order of 0.5 microns.

High voltage and high power

Physically larger ceramic capacitors can be made to withstand much higher voltages and these are called power ceramic capacitors. These are physically much larger than those used on PCBs and have specialized terminals for safe connection to a high voltage supply. Power ceramic capacitors can be made to withstand voltages in the range of 2kV up to 100 kV, with a power specified at much higher than 200 volt-amperes.

Rolling-element bearings are used to ensure smooth, efficient operation in many machines with rotary motion—from car wheels, engines and turbines to medical equipment. A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that serves three main functions while it facilitates motion: it carries loads, reduces friction and positions moving machine parts.

Ball bearings use balls to separate two “races,” or bearing rings, to reduce surface contact and friction across moving planes. The rotation of the balls causes a reduced coefficient of friction when compared with flat surfaces rubbing against each other. Because there is little surface contact between the balls and races, ball bearings typically have a lower load capacity for their size than other rolling-element bearings.

There are a variety of different designs and applications for ball bearings, and their design is specific to their industrial application and load type. Some common designs of ball bearings include:

Angular Contact Bearings: designed to work under combined radial and axial loads.

Axial Bearings: also called thrust ball bearings, these are designed to work under force applied parallel to the bearing’s axis, or thrust loads.

Deep-Groove Bearings: designed to carry both radial and light axial loads.

Linear Bearings: designed to allow movement in one direction along a linear axis.

Self-aligning Ball Bearings: bearings with two sets of balls that are self-aligning and to carry both radial and light axial loads.

High-Speed Angular Contact Bearings: another type of precision ball bearing is a high-speed angular contact bearing. As the name implies, high-speed bearings are designed to handle high RPMs with precision and accuracy.

Ball bearing sizes vary according to their use. The width of the bearing also depends on the application. For example, thin section bearings are used in situations where space is at a premium. The difference between the diameter of the outside and inside races and width is minimized, allowing for compact designs.

The materials used in ball bearings depend on their application. The vast majority of ball bearings are made from steel. Other material types include stainless steel bearings for improved corrosion resistance and hybrid ball bearings for which ceramic balls are the moving parts of the bearing between the inner and outer races to reach high rotational speeds.

Roller bearings are used to replace sliding movement with low friction, rolling motion in rotary applications. The principal types of roller bearings are cylindrical, spherical, and tapered. In general, roller bearings offer higher load capacities than ball bearings of the same size.

Types

There are five main types of roller bearings:

Cylindrical Roller Bearings have high radial-load capacity and moderate thrust loads. They contain rollers which are cylindrically-shaped, but crowned or end-relieved to reduce stress concentrations. Cylindrical roller bearings are similar in design to needle roller bearings but the dimensions of diameter and roller length are closer in magnitude.

Spherical Roller Bearings are self-aligning, double row, combination radial and thrust bearings. They use a spherical or crowned roller as the rolling element.

how to select roller bearingsTapered Roller Bearings consist of an inner ring (cone), an outer ring (cup), a cage and rollers, which are profiled to distribute the load evenly across the roller. During operation, tapered roller bearings create a line contact between the raceway and rolling element, distributing loads across a larger area.

Needle Roller Bearings are a type of cylindrical roller bearing where the length of the roller is much larger than then the diameter. Needle roller bearings are designed for radial load applications where a low profile is desired.

Thrust Bearings are designed for pure thrust loads, and can handle little or no radial load. Roller thrust bearings use rollers similar to other types of roller bearings

Components

Radial type roller bearings (cylindrical, tapered, spherical, and needle) consist of four basic components, an inner ring, an outer ring, rollers, and a cage (roller retainer). Under normal operating conditions, bearing rings and rollers carry the load while the cage spaces and retains the rollers on the cone.

how to select roller bearings

Comparison of Cylindrical Roller Bearing and Ball Bearing Components

Image Credit: bridgat

Roller thrust bearings are designed to carry pure thrust loads. Like radial roller bearings, roller thrust bearings also consist of two rings, rollers, and a cage (roller retainer). However, instead of an inner and outer ring concentric to the axis of rotation, they have two rings or thrust washers on either side of the roller.

A Pillow Block Bearing is a mounted anti-friction bearing that is contained within a solid cast iron, ductile iron or cast steel housing unit. Also referred to as a housed bearing unit, meaning they are self-contained, greased, sealed and ready for installation on the equipment. Pillow Block bearings are typically bolted to a surface, so that the attached shaft runs parallel with the surface. There are two types of housings used for pillow block bearings, solid and split housings. Solid housed bearings are single-piece housings, while split housed bearings are two-piece housings. Pillow block bearings can contain several types of bearings, including ball, roller and tapered. Shaft attachment devices can be set screw, eccentric lock, single or double set collar, concentric lock or tapered adapter. Each device has their own positive and negatives. Seals vary as well, including clearance seals, light contact, heavy contact and auxiliary type seals. Pillow Block Bearings, in most cases, also come in a fixed or expansion version. The expansion bearings allow for shaft growth and can reduce the risk of loading one bearing against the other. Choosing the best shaft mount device and seal will prolong bearing life. When installed properly, pillow block bearings can last years without needing to be replaced. Follow these steps to ensure minimal downtime and a longer service life.
*This procedure is for the most common shaft locking device set screw or set collar, utilizing a fixed and expansion unit, but the general guidelines apply to all bearing installs.

1) Check and Clean the Shaft

First, check your shafting to ensure it is clean, round, straight, free of burrs and nicks and is not undersized or oversized, per the manufacturers specification. Use fine sandpaper or scotch bright to clean the shaft of any rust. Then use a light coat of oil to remove any debris.

2) Position the Bearings on the Shaft

When placing the bearing on the shaft, if it is necessary to tap the bearing into place, use a mallet and a hardwood block or soft steel tube against the inner ring. DO NOT strike or exert pressure on the housing or seals.

3) Lightly Bolt the Housing to the Mounting Structure

Locate the shaft in position by lightly bolting the housing to the mounting structure. Bridge over the housing mounting bolt slots with heavy washers, or heavy spring lock washers. This may help prevent loosening.

The structure of the joint bearing is simpler than that of the rolling bearing. It is mainly composed of an inner ring with an outer spherical surface and an outer ring with an inner spherical surface.Joint bearing is generally used for low-speed swing motion (that is, angular motion). Since the sliding surface is spherical, it can also be tilted within a certain angle range (that is, self-aligning motion), and the support shaft and the shaft shell hole are not concentric When the degree is large, it can still work normally.

Features of joint bearing, the joint bearing can bear larger loads. According to its different types and structures, it can bear radial load, axial load or combined load of radial and axial.Since the outer spherical surface of the inner ring is embedded with composite material, the bearing can generate self-lubrication during operation. Generally used for low-speed swing movement and low-speed rotation, it can also be used for tilting movement within a certain angle range, and it can still work normally when the support shaft and the shaft shell hole are not centered. Self-lubricating joint bearing is used in water conservancy, professional machinery and other industries.

Application of joint bearing, elf-lubricating joint bearingJoint bearings are widely used in engineering hydraulic cylinders, forging machine tools, engineering machinery, automation equipment, automotive shock absorbers, water conservancy machinery and other industries.The joint bearing is a spherical sliding bearing. The basic type is composed of an inner and outer ring with a spherical sliding spherical contact surface.Depending on its structure and type, it can withstand radial loads, axial loads, or combined loads acting simultaneously in the radial and axial directions.

The main purpose of bearings is to prevent direct metal to metal contact between two elements that are in relative motion. This prevents friction, heat generation and ultimately, the wear and tear of parts. It also reduces energy consumption as sliding motion is replaced with low friction rolling.

Rolling element bearings contain rolling elements in the shape of balls or cylinders. We know that it is easier to roll a wheel than slide it on the ground as the magnitude of rolling friction is lower than sliding friction. The same principle is in work here. Rolling element bearings are used to facilitate the free movement of parts in rotational motion.

Even when we need linear motion in applications, it is easy to convert rotational motion to sliding motion. Consider an escalator or a conveyor. Even though the motion is linear, it is powered by rollers that are driven by motors.

Another example is a reciprocating pump that can convert rotational energy from a motor into translational motion with the help of linkages. In each of these applications, ball bearings are used to support motor shafts as well as shafts of other rollers in the assembly.

Rolling elements carry the load without much friction as the sliding friction is replaced with rolling friction. Rolling element bearings can be subdivided into two major types: ball bearings and roller bearings.

Ball bearings are one of the most common types of bearing classes used. It consists of a row of balls as rolling elements. They are trapped between two annulus shaped metal pieces. These metal pieces are known as races. The inner race is free to rotate while the outer race is stationary.

Ball bearings provide very low friction during rolling but have limited load-carrying capacity. This is because of the small area of contact between the balls and the races. They can support axial loads in two directions besides radial loads.

Ball bearings are used for controlling oscillatory and rotational motion. For example, in electrical motors where the shaft is free to rotate but the motor housing is not, ball bearings are used to connect the shaft to the motor housing.

Depending on the application, different types of ball bearings are available to choose from.

Most motorcycle owners are in it for the feel of the thing. Wind in your hair, sun in your face, engine moving under you, all that. However, there's now an emerging alternative: electric motorcycles. EV bikes have many upsides, and in many more ways, capitalize on what makes bikes so consumer-friendly. So, the real question is, why not enjoy all the upsides of an EV with the perks of motorcycle ownership on top of it?

Now, an electric motorcycle isn't for everyone. Just like with car enthusiasts, there will always be a dedicated camp of bike guys and girls who won't ride anything with a gas-powered motor under them. That's fine, but an EV bike may be for you if you'd like to try something a little different. For starters, like cars, electric bikes offer a wholly different aesthetic than their gas-powered counterparts.

Often, electric motorcycle design restrictions are lifted simply because the packaging of an electric motor can be smaller than that of a bike engine and transmission. Take a look at the Sondors Metacycle, which looks like something out of Blade Runner. Additonally, the range of electric bikes is roughly equivalent to their gas sibling. For example, a Harley-Davidson Livewire will do about 140 miles on a charge, and a new Ducati Monster will do about the same.

Aside from the motor, the sensations of riding remain unchanged, unlike in an electric car versus a gas car. You still get the wind in your hair, sun in face experience, just a little quiter. Arguably, this makes an electric motorcycle better for commuting than the gas-powered equivalent. Additonally, an electric motorcycle is a significantly easier lifestyle switch to make compared to EV ownership. The Sondors Metacycle can be charged on a regular old home outlet no problem.

Moreover, the same can be said for the Harley-Davison Livewire, though the brand recommends a legit “Level 2” charger for added ease of use. There's also some money to be saved, just like an EV car. An electric motorcycle will take far less energy to charge, keeping your utility bill low. Honestly, with the way gas prices are right now, the concept of owning an electric bike is even more enticing.

So, there you have it. Owning an electric motorcycle offers an interesting change from the norm at little real-world expense. However, it has to be said that a gas-powered bike is still a better choice for novices. There isn’t really a market for used electric motorcycles right now, and it’s best to have something you can fall over on first. That said, you can be sure you’ll get your fair share of curious glances when you glide up silently to work in the morning.

Apologies to those of you who have contacted us through the comments section to ask for scooter insurance cover. Sadly this is not something that we offer at this time. We have chosen not to publish many of these comments due to the sensitive data that some of them contain.

Despite concerns surrounding their legality, more and more people are turning to electric scooters as a new and sustainable mode of transport. Reaching substantial speeds and conveniently compact, e-scooters make the ultimate vehicle for commuters and thrill seekers alike across the world.

However, partly due to their legal status in the UK, some riders may find themselves confused as to whether their electric scooter requires insurance.

Owning an electric scooter is not against the law. However, it is illegal to ride an electric scooter on the public highway, i.e. publicly owned roads and pavements.

There have been reports in the media which suggest e-scooter riders who have been apprehended by the police for breaking the law have also been reprimanded for not having insurance. According to The Telegraph, London’s Metropolitan Police force insists electric scooters do require the same insurance as any other road vehicles – despite it being illegal to ride an e-scooter on the road. Officers have cited the Road Traffic Act as grounds for this action. Under the RTA, individuals can be charged for not having insurance, a licence, a number plate, a helmet or valid MOT for their vehicle.

Technically, an electric scooter does not require vehicle insurance. Due to their classification as Personal Light Electric Vehicles (PLEVs), they cannot be ridden in public at all, meaning insurance is not necessary.

It is, however, perfectly legal for an electric scooter to be ridden on private property, such as at your home or in your garden. When riding your e-scooter in private you do not need insurance.

The confusion surrounding the legality and restrictions surrounding electric scooter use can result in people breaking the law by accident. Essentially, riding an electric scooter is illegal in public – but if, in theory, you were to ride on the roads, you would need cover equivalent to that of car or motorised bike insurance.

If you ride in private (as the law dictates you must), vehicle insurance is not a legal requirement.

We hear this question a lot! And, honestly, it’s one of the most important factors in deciding which e-bike to purchase. Finding an e-bike's exact range is complicated and difficult to distill down to one single number. It can be difficult to compare bike models, but you can absolutely expect a longer, farther riding range from a battery with higher volts and amp hours.

All Juiced Bikes are equipped with the industry-leading 52V battery, while most other e-bikes in the $1,000 - $3,000 price range are only equipped with a 48V battery (in some cases, just a 36V battery). It's important to keep in mind that riding range for all e-bikes depend on many factors including...

• Total payload, rider + gear

• Average speed

• Tire pressure

• Hill grade

• Wind

• Road Bumps

• Riding position

• Outside temperature

• How much you pedal

• Tire type

• Type of battery

• Age of the battery

1900s-1940s

In 1911, the magazine Popular Mechanics showcased an ebike that could reach a max speed of 35 mph—a full 40% faster than the best gas-powered scooters available at the same time. This ebike could reach distances of up to 100 miles on a single battery charge. In 1911, British agricultural company Ransomes, Sims, and Jeffries released the first electric motorcycle with a sidecar that carried the batteries.

Developments in electric scooters stalled for the next 20 or so years after a Long-Island based company released the Autoped, a competent gas-fueled scooter that saw many sales in the US and Germany. The development of new more efficient gas-powered engines saw many companies manufacture gas-powered scooters. Unfortunately, these gas-powered scooters were often seen as low class and it took a few decades for people to change their minds on the product.

Developments in electric ebikes saw a small spike during the years of WWII, spurned on by petrol shortages in Germany and the US. A handful of these companies, such as ParCar, are still making electric bikes to this day.

1940s-1980s

During the 1940s, many companies hopped on the wagon of making gas-powered scooters. These scooters were a rather big success and some models were even adopted by the US military. Although these products sold relatively well, they weren’t by any means popular consumer goods and most common people didn’t bother buying one.

The rise of environmentalism in the 1960s saw new developments in ebikes. In 1967, Austria chemist Karl Kordesch made the first gas/electric hybrid motorcycle and in 1975, American inventor Mike Corbin invented the City Bike, a street-legal electric bike that could reach speeds up to 30 mph. In fact, a year earlier, Mke Corbin set the electric motorcycle land speed record with his custom-built QuickSilver that could reach a top speed of 165 mph. This record was not beaten until 2012.

Also in 1975, California manufacturer Auranthic Corp. released the Charger another street-legal bike that was extremely popular in California.

1980’s-Present

The past few decades have seen even more advancements in electric scooter technology. The first mass-produced electric scooter called the Scoot’Elec was invented in 1996 by Peugeot and had a top speed of 31 mph and a range of 29 miles. The Scoot’Elec was very successful even though it was heavy and not very eco-friendly due to its nickel-cadmium batteries.

The early 1990s also saw the invention of the lithium-ion battery, the kind of batteries that power most laptops, smart phones, and tablets nowadays. Lithium-ion batteries were much more efficient than nickel-cadmium batteries and much more eco-friendly.

The modern wave of electric scooter began in 2009 when Myway turned into Inokim and became one of the leading electric scooter manufacturers. These scooters made full use of new more efficient lithium-ion batteries to make fast scooters that could be charged at home.

Nowadays, there are dozens of electric scooter manufacturers in several countries and they are becoming a common sight in most cities. Several rideshare companies like Uber and Lime have electric scooters you can rent for one-off trips. People favor electric scooters due to their portability, ease of use, low environmental footprint, less maintenance, and fewer regulations compared to more traditional methods of transportation. The fuel cost of a gas-powered scooter is almost 4 times as high as an electric scooter and gas-powered scooters actually emit more greenhouse gasses than cars proportional to their size. The current fastest electric scooter on the market is the NANROBOT LS7 which can reach a top speed of 52 mph, almost highway speeds.

So you can see why people are so excited about electric scooters and why this trend is probably here to stay.

As with regular bikes, even high-quality ebikes require upkeep and maintenance. While ebikes as a whole can last 10 years or more, different parts will need replacing during this time. Everyone’s bike is different, and a lot depends on how often you ride your bike.

Wear and tear is normal over the years, and parts of the bike deplete at different rates. Below is a rough breakdown of how long various ebikes parts will last:

THE BATTERY

People are often concerned about battery life – both in terms of day-to-day range and how long before batteries need replacing.

Story Bikes batteries will take up to 45 miles before they need to be charged, although how and where you ride your Story Bike will have an impact The terrain, rider, and level of pedal assist being used effects the distance traveled.

For the majority of ebikes, batteries last for around 1,000 charges. This usually comes out to around three to five years.

Batteries are generally easy to replace and provided by your ebike manufacturer. The process to replace the battery differs depending on the ebike company and their design.

MOTORS

A motor has among the longest lives of any components of an ebike. In fact, a quality motor usually lasts as long as the ebike itself. Rear hub motors are sealed and protected against corrosion and the elements and require minimal maintenance.

In the event your motor fails, you can get it replaced. You would contact your manufacturer and either install the replacement at home or with the help of your local bike shop.

CHAINS AND TIRES

Chains and tires usually last between 1,000 and 3,000 miles before they need replacing. This means they usually last one to two years for the average rider. Regular cleaning and lubrication of the chain will add time to its lifespan.

Those who ride their bikes frequently and over difficult terrain will probably need to replace chains and tires more often. However, these supplies are relatively inexpensive and can usually be replaced without needing to take your ebike to a mechanic.

GEARS

Gears are a bit of a wild card when it comes to longevity. Gears on a well-made bike can often last as long as the bike itself, but certain types of gears tend to break down more quickly.

Gears holding the chain in place, for example, might break down quicker. Gears found near the front cog are also more vulnerable.

While some gears may only last three or four years, gears are inexpensive and easy to replace on your own. Regular maintenance and tuning of your derailleur and gears will help prevent issues from occurring.

Some batteries will also provide longer backup than others. The 13.5-kilowatt-hour capacity of Tesla’s Powerwall, for instance, outranks Sunrun’s Brightbox at 10 kilowatt-hours. But those systems have the same power rating, at 5 kilowatts, which means they offer the same “maximum load coverage,” according to WoodMac’s director of solar, Ravi Manghani.

“Typically, during a power outage, one wouldn't aim to draw at the maximum 5 kilowatts," a load roughly equivalent to running a clothes dryer, microwave and hair dryer all at once, Manghani said.

“An average homeowner typically will draw 2 kilowatts maximum during an outage, and an average of 750 to 1,000 watts during the course of the outage," he said. "This means a Brightbox will last for 10 to 12 hours, while a Powerwall will last for 12 to 15 hours.”

Certain applications and programs already on the market, such as Sense and Powerley, can also give homeowners an idea of their usage. But in a Catch-22, the apps might require power to function, though data on past power usage could help homeowners identify which appliances to prioritize.

Recent data suggests that many homeowners installing energy storage systems are opting for two batteries instead of one for greater backup capacity.

John Berger, CEO at residential solar and storage company Sunnova, told Greentech Media that the company has seen an influx in demand for storage from existing customers looking to update their systems, as well as new customers asking for batteries from the start. In terms of how long the system can last, however, Berger offers what he called “a rather unsatisfying answer.”

“It depends on how much power your home uses, how big it is, what the weather is in your particular area,” he said. “Some of our customers may be able to have a whole home backup with one or two batteries, and then in other cases that may still not be enough.”

Simply put, RV Lithium Batteries are rechargeable 12-volt batteries that have become a popular replacement for lead-acid batteries. This is particularly true of folks who have solar power on their rigs.

RV lithium batteries are based on a newer, more efficient lithium-ion technology known as LiFePO4 or lithium iron phosphate. For the purposes of this post, whenever we talk about “lithium” we’re referring to this specific technology.

Aside from the technology on the inside, the difference between lithium batteries and lead-acid batteries essentially boils down to the efficiency of use and lifespan.

Lithium batteries can be fully discharged without damage. But once a lead-acid battery is discharged below 50 percent, it suffers permanent damage and will no longer recharge to its full capacity. Because lithium batteries can safely be fully discharged without damage (so their rated capacity is fully usable) a lithium battery provides much more usable amp hours than a lead-acid battery rated at the same capacity… about double!

While a 100-amp-hour lead-acid battery can only safely be discharged to roughly 50 percent, a 100-amp-hour lithium battery can be depleted to virtually zero without damage. So, you only get about half as many usable amp hours from lead-acid as you do with lithium.

An RV lithium battery can also be depleted and recharged (or cycled) thousands of times. Lead-acid batteries may only have as few as several hundred cycles in them before needing to be replaced.

Additionally, lithium batteries are much lighter than lead-acid batteries, which can be a huge help for RVs that are at or near their maximum weight carrying capacity. And because it takes fewer batteries to equal the same amount of usable amp-hours, lithium batteries ultimately use less space than their lead-acid counterparts (again, a big benefit for smaller RVs that need more power but don’t have the room to add more batteries)

However, when you consider that lead-acid batteries are likely going to need to be replaced much more often, lithium batteries can cost less over time.

It’s also important to consider the charging time saved. Lithium batteries will charge more quickly and more efficiently, so you’ll also save fuel that might otherwise be required to run your generator. You may even save time and the hassle of seeking a sunny spot for your solar charging when you know you’ll be able to rely on the power of your lithium batteries for longer.

Plus there’s no more “battery anxiety” with lithium batteries. Lead-acid batteries need to be handled fairly delicately when it comes to discharging since you can’t exceed 50% of their rated capacity. So that can lead to recharging them more often, just to avoid exceeding that limit. With lithium batteries, an amp is an amp is an amp. Doesn’t matter if the battery is at 100% charge, or 39%. They just provide power. And as long as you have the number of amp-hours you need to make it through the night… you’re good!

In order to replace fossil fuels in transport, a number of alternative energy sources are being investigated. There are currently two main solutions emerging: hydrogen fuel cell technologies and electric vehicles. When it comes to the term electromobility, it covers both fully electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and vehicles using hydrogen fuel cell technology. All e-mobility vehicles are based on the idea of electricity as “fuel”. This approach is considered forward-looking. Looking across the entire energy chain, only electricity provides efficiency gains and, as long as it comes from renewable sources, a significant reduction in CO2 and greenhouse gas emissions.

A solution of the future?

Electromobility has become one of the most promising technological solutions. It replaces fossil fuels and can power most forms of personal and public transport. That is why parallel investments in charging infrastructure are necessary to create the conditions for the transition of cities and regions to low- and zero-emission solutions.

Due to the specificity of electromobility vehicles and their high efficiency over shorter distances, electrification of public transport infrastructure is an area with great potential. A number of public transport modes, including buses, are already largely e-mobile.

What is electromobility in practice?

Long-distance and heavy journeys are less suited to e-mobility. However, electric road systems for trucks are already being implemented in many Member States of the European Union. In Sweden, in turn, work is underway on the innovative EVolution Road project. It is designed to automatically detect and charge electric vehicles, including battery buses, when they are moving on it. At present, it seems that only air travel will remain dependent on liquid fuels.

We’ve all been there. Our golf cart isn’t working and we dread that it is time to replace the batteries. So, we pick up the phone to call our local golf cart dealer and we ask the parts department, “How much do batteries cost?” And before they speak, the person on the other line says trepidatiously, ”…are you sitting down?” We wait in anticipation as our jaw drops in exclamation to the high price of batteries.

Now, pricing on batteries does vary from pack to pack. The general consensus for battery replacement ranges from $800 on the low end to $1500 on the high end. Some packs cost as much as $2000 when you start dealing with 72 Volt systems and sealed batteries. But, for the typical lead acid battery pack, $900 to $1500 is about the norm. This price range is assuming you are working with a local golf cart dealer. Batteries can be less if you install them yourselves, however we recommend you prevent long term back pain from picking up heavy batteries and have your local professional dealer provide the service.

Of the 48 Volt systems, the 4-12 Volt system is typically the least expensive (not always) since only 4-12 Volt deep cycle batteries are required. However the 4-12 Volt system has the least range. The more lead and the heavier the battery pack as a whole typically leads to a more expensive but higher quality battery pack. And a higher quality battery pack will have longer life for your golf cart and generally better performance in terms of range.

So, now that we have discussed the cost of having batteries installed by a dealer, what else does it typically include? Well, since batteries are a hazardous material and contain acid, depending on how well you take care of your batteries will determine the amount of extra cleaning and repairs needed to allow for new batteries to be installed.

Batteries that are not maintained properly will require acid cleanup and potentially replace cables and connectors in the battery bay. Now, these extra items are not typically included in a normal battery install. However, general cleaning typically is. Then, when the batteries are all installed, the dealer will ensure the batteries properly charge and perform a safety check so that you can drive off without any worries. While you’re getting the batteries replaced though, have your dealer perform a preventative maintenance check as well. You might as well get it all done at once and keep yourself safe while driving on the road.

Coil coating refers to the process of creating prepainted steel and aluminum. Prepainted steel or aluminum can be found in a high number of household products. From refrigerators to air conditioners and construction material, prepainted steel can be found everywhere. Different coatings can be applied for different demands.

“In some coatings, you are going to need more exterior environment weathering, flexibility, and more impact resistance than you do with other coatings,” says Aaron Small, Corporate Vice President at Kloeckner Metals U.S. and President of the National Coil Coating Association (NCCA). “If we’re going to do roofing and sidewalls, we would often choose either a fluorocarbon, siliconized polyester, or modified polyesters.”

Coil Coating: The Basics

Coil coating is how the coating material is applied to the strip of steel or aluminum. A coil of metal sheet is continuously fed into the process which is controlled via accumulators at each end of the line. They take in a bare coil of metal at one end and let out the finished product on the other end. In the middle, the coil coating process is applied.

“What we do is actually referred to as high-speed, continuous coil coating,” Small says. “What makes high-speed, continuous coil coating possible is the non-stop application of the cleaning, the treating, the coating, the curing, and potentially the leveling, while the sheet is flat, all in one high-speed path through a coil coating line.”

The Key to Coil Coating

The key is being able to maintain a constant speed of the strip through the process. The accumulators allow this by letting the middle of the line to continue running at the prescribed rate while new metal is added at the decoil end, or the finished product is removed from the recoil end of the line.

“You don’t have starts and stops,” Small says. “This allows our coaters to consistently clean, treat, seal, apply a paper-thin coating, cure it evenly, and cool it back down without burning the metal or the coating.”

Aluminum is a truly remarkable metal. Due to its signature properties (malleability, rust and corrosion resistance, etc.) countless individuals have taken aluminum and have used it for numerous applications. If you are like many, it can be difficult to understand what exactly the uses of aluminum coil are. Do not worry. Wrisco has prepared a small list of industries and practices that rely on aluminum coil to get the job done. So if you are curious to know what the uses of aluminum coil are, then continue reading below.

THE USES OF ALUMINUM COIL

TRANSPORTATION

You might be surprised to find out that the construction of most forms of transportation is actually made with aluminum coil. Transportation vehicles such as automobiles and cars are manufactured from aluminum coils. This is because such vehicles will require components that are lightweight, durable and not rust easily since they will be used daily. Parts of most transportation vehicles that rely on aluminum coil for construction include engine components, air conditioners, radiators, wheel hubs, car doors and much more.

ARCHITECTURAL DECORATION

Thanks to its corrosion resistance, strength, and incredible processing and welding performance, aluminum coil will be often utilized a lot for architectural decoration. Other than surface decoration, most building projects rely on aluminum coil to help design structures, doors, windows, ceilings, curtain wall profiles, pressure plates, color coating sheets, etc.

ELECTRONIC APPLIANCES

Although this metal is not as electrically conductive as copper, aluminum coils are often utilized within many electronics. Aluminum is often particularly used in wiring as their corrosion resistance guarantees that wires will last for a long time. This is why objects such as power lines and air conditioners with electrical components are able to withstand the elements for a long time. This is why most electronics, in general, have a fairly long lifespan.

FOOD INDUSTRY

The main reason why food cans are made with aluminum coils is because of aluminum’s malleability, rust and corrosion resistance. Thanks to its malleability, aluminum cans are able to be easily manufactured in mass quantities. Due to its rust and corrosion resistance, aluminum is able to guarantee that the food within the can will be able to stay fresh for a long time. Besides cans, aluminum coils aid in the production of lid caps, bottles and other packaging.

AND MUCH MORE

Aluminum is such a versatile metal. Because of this, aluminum coils are utilized for a wide variety of reasons. Though we have listed some applications above, there are many more industries and practices that aluminum coils are used for. If you find that you need a metal type to help assist you in the production or function of a certain object or item, you very likely might just benefit from purchasing aluminum coil.

What is Galvanizing?

Galvanizing, or galvanization, is a manufacturing process where a coating of zinc is applied to steel or iron to offer protection and prevent rusting. There are several galvanizing processes available, but the most commonly offered and used method is called hot-dip galvanizing.

Galvanized steel is among the most popular steel types because of its extended durability, having the strength and formability of steel plus the corrosion protection of the zinc-iron coating. The zinc protects the base metal by acting as a barrier to corrosive elements, and the sacrificial nature of the coating results in a long-lasting and high-quality steel product.

This versatility makes it applicable to a variety of projects and industries, including agriculture, solar, automotive, construction, and so on. Below, we aim to provide a comprehensive description of how galvanized steel is processed, different galvanization methods, its benefits, and how it is used in these various industries.

The steps in the galvanizing process are as follows:

The steel is cleaned in a degreasing solution

After being cleaned, the steel is pickled by being lowered into a vat of diluted hot sulfuric acid

The steel is then fluxed in an aqueous solution (typically zinc-ammonium chloride)

After the flux, the steel is galvanized through immersion in a vat of molten zinc

Afterward, the steel is inspected for consistency and a complete coating

What are the advantages of galvanized steel?

Many different industries utilize galvanized steel primarily because it has such a wide array of benefits for industries to take advantage of, including having:

Low initial cost compared to most treated steels. In addition, galvanized steel is immediately ready to use when delivered. It does not require additional preparation of the surface, inspections, painting/coatings, etc. sparing companies more costs on their end.

Longer life. With galvanization, a piece of industrial steel is expected to last more than 50 years in average environments, and can last over 20 years with severe water exposure. There is no maintenance required. The increased durability of the steel’s finished product also increases the product’s reliability.

The sacrificial anode ensures that any damaged steel is protected by the surrounding zinc coating. It doesn’t matter if the steel section is completely exposed; the zinc will still corrode first. The coating will corrode preferentially to the steel, creating a sacrificial protection to the areas that are damaged.

Rust resistance from the zinc coating. The iron elements in steel are incredibly prone to rusting, but the addition of zinc acts as a protective buffer between the steel and any moisture or oxygen. Galvanized steel is very protective, including sharp corners and recesses that couldn’t be protected with other coatings, making it resistant to damage.

Different methods of galvanizing

As stated above, there are several different processes for galvanizing steel.

What is the world’s strongest metal? This is one of those questions that sounds simple enough but is actually quite complex. When it comes to metal, making direct comparisons based on strength doesn’t work. Why? First of all, because there isn’t a single, universal scale for strength. At best, there are four. In today’s blog, I’m going to outline these four types of strength as they relate to metallurgy before giving some insights and comparisons of the metals leading the pack in terms of strength. Let’s get started.

DETERMINING THE STRONGEST METALS: TYPES OF STRENGTH

TENSILE STRENGTH

Tensile strength refers to a material’s ability to resist tension. In other words, it looks at the amount of strength required to stretch or pull something apart. A material with low tensile strength would pull apart more easily than a material with high tensile strength.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Compressive strength refers to a material’s ability to withstand being squeezed together (compressed). To test compressive strength, an external force places pressure upon a material, tracking to what degree the material can resist size reduction. A widely accepted test for compressive strength is Mohs Hardness Test. The test relies on a scale which rates minerals from 1-10, or softest-hardest.

YIELD STRENGTH

Yield strength refers to a material’s ability to withstand permanent deformation or bending. It’s a way of testing the elastic limit of a given material. Usually determined via a bend test where two ends of a beam or bar are gripped and stress is applied. The intent is to discover how much stress it requires to exceed the material’s yield point, or the point at which the material will not return to its original shape upon removal of the stress.

IMPACT STRENGTH

Impact strength refers to a material’s ability to withstand a blow without fracturing or shattering. In other words, it’s a method for determining the limit of how much energy a material can absorb via impact.

A corrugated panel has a repeating wavy or rippled pattern across its design. It was the first mass-produced metal panel design in the United States. These panels can be used for roofing, siding, decking, and flooring. Corrugated panels are connected by overlapping the sheets, and then securing them in place with exposed fasteners. Trapezoidal rib panels are often mistakenly referred to as corrugated roofing.

The most common corrugated materials include coated carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and copper. Even non-metal materials are corrugated as well. Plastic and fiberglass are corrugated and then used as translucent ceilings or roof lights.

In generations past, most babies got all their scrub downs in the kitchen sink. These days, plastic or foam Baby Bathtub give parents a convenient spot to prop floppy newborns and keep more curious older babies contained.

While bathtime can be adorable, it can also be tricky—a good tub can make the process a lot easier for parents. The kitchen sink is still an option, but a baby bathtub will help you safely support a newborn. A baby tub can also be great to set on top of a kitchen counter for bath time so you don’t have to bend over your adult-sized tub (which can be especially hard for those recovering from delivery).

While each baby bathtub has its own age range, your baby will begin sitting up on their own around six months old, and they can usually graduate to the big tub at this point. Some parents and caregivers continue to use basin tubs even after baby is sitting up. Many provide a non-slip surface in the big tub while still leaving plenty of room for bath toys, bubble bath, washcloths and all of the other things that come with bathtime.

Usually flexible and mold can fit the kitchen or bathroom sink. Caregiver can stand at the sink comfortably during bath time. There are also plenty of Foldable Baby Bath Bucket or Baby Foldable Bathtub which can hang conveniently to be great suitable for limited storage space

There are also some Baby Bathtub Accessories used in conjunction with the bathtub such as Baby Bath Stand, Baby Bathtub Cushion and Baby Bath Support. Just be sure to measure your sink and the insert before purchasing to ensure that it fits. 

Choosing the right bathtub is very important if you are seeking to keep your little one clean and safe during bathtime. A good baby bathtub offers safety, convenience, and comfort while you wash your baby, so that you and your baby can enjoy bathtime to the fullest.

After 25 hours of testing 10 baby bathtubs and bath seats with our own infants, we've determined that though you don't need a specialized tub or seat to bathe your kiddo, having one can make the task a lot easier, more fun, and comfortable for everyone involved. It's easy to use, feels safe, and will fit a rapidly growing baby for longer than most.

We have lots of ceramic product in our company. They are made of different materials like Alumina Ceramic, Zirconia Ceramic,Boron Nitride and Silicon Nitride.

Alumina Ceramic can be offered with novel formations and modifications using advanced processing techniques, offer a wide spectrum of enhanced properties such as high mechanical strength, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, capability to withstand high temperatures and thermal stresses, high electric insulation and improved dielectric properties. High purity alumina ceramics with controlled composition and uniform minimal particle size can offer desired properties at low costs as needed for many engineering applications.

High purity alumina is used in diverse engineering applications including electronics industry, wear resistant parts, corrosion resistant parts, chemical processing, translucent enclosures for highly corrosive sodium vapour (high pressure sodium vapour lamps), synthetic gems, oil and gas processing, refractories and a wide variety of industrial applications. The chemical applications to eliminate foaming and as catalyst in many reactions are well-known. Activated alumina is used for high adsorptive capacity as desiccant. Calcined alumina is used for refractory and ceramic industries. Because of extreme hardness (9.0 in Moh's scale), low thermal reactivity, high melting point (above 2040°C), significant thermal conductivity, high heat and shock resistance, good electrical insulation even at elevated temperatures, good chemical inertness and outstanding mechanical properties, calcined alumina (also known as reactive alumina) is extensively used in the industry for wear resistant parts, corrosion resistant parts and in a wide range of electrical and electronic applications. Some of these properties, including its porosity and shrinkage are affected by the residual soda content and the particle size of the material.

Zirconia (ZrO2) is a ceramic material with adequate mechanical properties for manufacturing of medical devices. When a stress occurs on a ZrO2 surface, a crystalline modification opposes the propagation of cracks. Compression resistance of ZrO2 is about 2000 MPa. Orthopedic research led to this material being proposed for the manufacture of hip head prostheses.

Boron Nitride is an advanced synthetic ceramic material available in solid and powder form. Its unique properties – from high heat capacity and outstanding thermal conductivity to easy machinability, lubricity, low dielectric constant and superior dielectric strength – make boron nitride a truly outstanding material. In its solid form, boron nitride is often referred to as "white graphite" because it has a microstructure similar to that of graphite. However, unlike graphite, boron nitride is an excellent electrical insulator that has a higher oxidation temperature. It offers high thermal conductivity and good thermal shock resistance and can be easily machined to close tolerances in virtually any shape. After machining, it is ready for use without additional heat treating or firing operations.

Silicon nitride, mainly consisting of Si3N4, has excellent thermal shock resistance and high-temperature strength. These properties make it ideal for use in automotive engines and gas turbines. It is used for turbocharger rotors, glow plugs and hot plugs in diesel engines, and is being applied in many other diverse applications.

With these different materials, we have lots of product made by ceramic such asCeramic Blades, Ceramic Grinding Media, Ceramic Substrates and Ceramic Parts. Except for these product, we also have High Temperature Ceramic, which can stand a pretty high temperature.

Bicycle, also called bike, two-wheeled steerable machine that is pedaled by the rider's feet. On a standard bicycle the wheels are mounted in-line in a metal frame, with the front wheel held in a rotatable fork. The rider sits on a saddle and steers by leaning and turning handlebars that are attached to the fork. The feet turn pedals attached to cranks and a chainwheel. Power is transmitted by a loop of chain connecting the chainwheel to a sprocket on the rear wheel. Riding is easily mastered, and bikes can be ridden with little effort at 16–24 km (10–15 miles) per hour - about four to five times the pace of walking. The bicycle is the most efficient means yet devised to convert human energy into mobility.

There are many different kinds of bikes like Spin Bikes, Foldable Exercise Bikes, Magnetic Exercise Bikes, Mini Bikes(foldable or not), Magnetic Upright Bikes and Magnetic Recumbent Bikes.

Bicycles are widely used for transportation, recreation, and sport (see cycling). Throughout the world, bicycles are essential to moving people and goods in areas where there are few automobiles. Globally, there are twice as many bicycles as automobiles, and they outsell automobiles three to one. The Netherlands, Denmark, and Japan actively promote bicycles for shopping and commuting. In the United States, bike paths have been constructed in many parts of the country, and bicycles are encouraged by the United States government as an alternative to automobiles.

If you want to exercise in a simple and managable method, except for the bike, there is another useful epuipment which is the elliptical trainers.

An elliptical trainer or cross-trainer is a stationary exercise machine used to stair climb, walk, or run without causing excessive pressure to the joints, hence decreasing the risk of impact injuries.[citation needed] For this reason, people with some injuries can use an elliptical to stay fit, as the low impact affects them little. Elliptical trainers offer a non-impact cardiovascular workout that can vary from light to high intensity based on the speed of the exercise and the resistance preference set by the user.

Most elliptical trainers work the user's upper and lower body (although some models do not have moving upper body components). Though elliptical trainers are considered to be minimal-impact, they are an example of a weight-bearing form of exercise.They can be self-powered by user-generated motion or need to be plugged in for adjustment of motion and/or for supplying their electronic consoles and resistance systems.

Without doubt, there are still many kinds of ellipical trainers like Rowing Machines, Air Rowing Machine, Home Elliptical Trainers, Mini Elliptical Trainers and Elliptical Climber Cross Trainer.

It's been over a year since COVID-19 made its way to every corner of the world. At the moment, there are two main types of COVID-19 Rapid Test Kit commonly used to detect infections. Diagnostic tests are done to confirm if you currently have the virus and antibody (serology) tests help to identify people who have previously been infected with the virus by looking for antibodies in their immune system.

Diagnostic tests (the sample is usually taken with a swab from the nose/mouth)

Diagnostic tests are the Antigen Test Kit and PCR Rapid Test Kit(Polymerase Chain Reaction) that look for active coronavirus infection in the mucous or saliva. ART tests look for the coating or proteins from the virus while PCR tests detect nucleic acid (RNA), the genetic material of the virus. RNA tests are very sensitive and can remain positive even after the person has gotten better and is no longer infectious.

Antibody tests (also known as serology tests – blood tests that look for antibodies in your blood)

Antibody Test Kits look for coronavirus antibodies in people who have been infected with the virus. Antibodies are proteins made by the immune system to fight infections. The timing and type of antibody test affects accuracy as it can take 1 – 3 weeks after infection for your body to develop enough antibodies to be detected in a test. Antibody tests are a good way to determine if you have had significant exposure to the virus in the past but should not be used to diagnose someone with an active infection, due to the delay in production of antibodies after exposure to the virus.

Except for these test kits, we also have different types of test kits like IVD Rapid Test Kit and other medical devices like analyzer.

Immunofluorescence Analyzer is a analyzing instrument intended for use by healthcare professionals to aid in the diagnosis of conditions such as cardiovascular disease, pregnancy, infection, diabetes, renal injury and cancer.

This analyzer uses an LED as the excitation light source. The emitted light from the fluorescence dye is collected and converted into an electrical signal. The signal is closely related to the amount of fluorescence dye molecules presented on the spot under examination. After a buffer-mixed sample is applied to the test device, the test device is inserted into the analyzer and the concentration of the analyte is calculated by a pre-programmed calibration process. The Immunofluorescence Analyzer can only accept test devices that are designed especially for this equipment.

Chemiluminescence Analyzer take advantage of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) chemical reactions that emit light as part of that process. This is different from fluorescence or phosphorescence, in that the light produced stems from a chemical reaction rather than by the absorption of photons by the molecule.

Chemiluminescence analyzers use a thermally stabilized photodiode to measure the intensity of the light produced by the reaction of NO with ozone (O3). The intensity is directly proportional to the concentration of NO that was converted to NO2 by the reaction. By converting the NO2 in the gas stream to NO, then reacting it with the O3, the total NOx value can be calculated, allowing speciation of NO, NO2 and total NOx with a single analyzer.

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action, typically converted from electrical energy into hydraulic energy. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method they use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.

Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and consume energy to perform mechanical work moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many energy sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power, and come in many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications, to large industrial pumps.

Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-cooling and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for operating cooling towers and other components of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. In the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical processes in developing and manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements for body parts, in particular the artificial heart and penile prosthesis.

The most commonly used pump is definitely water pumps, therefore there are lots of types of pumps for underwater usage like Submersible Pump, Submersible Borehole Pump and 

Stainless Steel Submersible Pump. Also, pumps are pretty normal to see in other areas such as Centrifugal Pump, Chemical Process Pump and High Pressure Water Pump.               

When a casing contains only one revolving impeller, it is called a single-stage pump. When a casing contains two or more revolving impellers, it is called a double- or multi-stage pump.

There are other Pump Castings like Pump Bowl, Pump Impeller, Pump Suction and Control Panel.

Pump research and development efforts are primarily driven by the needs of the customer. Today, these needs are centered around cost and reliability issues with the understanding that certain threshold levels of performance are achieved. As centrifugal pumps have reached high levels of maturity in most industrial applications, we can anticipate, that in the future, customer expectations will change subtly but significantly. They will demand continuously reducing costs with the understanding that reliability and technology needs will be satisfied. This would lead to a strong emphasis on consistent predictability of performance in the field and to less of a focus on innovations in design. R&D efforts in the past were intended to stretch the envelope to produce better hydraulic performance, to improve mean-time-between-failures, and to operate at higher speeds. In contrast, R&D efforts in the future would be aimed towards cost reduction, accurate hydraulic, guarantees, and flawless performance in the field. In this paper, the R&D efforts of the past, present, and future are discussed in terms of three core competencies, which are essential for today’s pump manufacturer. These are hydraulics (with an emphasis on improving predictability of performance and improving impeller life), vibrations (with a view to providing cost effective problem solving/avoidance capability), and pump designs which capitalize on improved understanding of the underlying technologies.