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A scaffold is a temporary structure erected to support access or working platforms. Scaffolds are commonly used in construction work so workers have a safe, stable work platform when work cannot be done at ground level or on a finished floor.
Scaffolding means the individual components, for example tubes, couplers or frames and materials that when assembled form a scaffold. Scaffolding is classified as plant under Work Health and Safety (WHS) Act.
Scaffolding work is erecting, altering or dismantling a temporary structure erected to support a platform and from which a person or object could fall more than 4 metres from the platform or the structure. Scaffolding work must be undertaken by a person holding the appropriate class of high risk work licence. This definition applies whenever the term 'scaffolding work' is used in this Guide.
When we talk about scaffolds in a room of laymen, they could be mistaken for the scaffolding used for buildings. However, understanding the concepts of scaffolding in building and construction could help us to better understand scaffolds.
According to Wikipedia, A scaffold "is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance, and repair of buildings, bridges, and all other man-made structures". In mobile application development, the Scaffold class implements the basic material design visual layout structure. This class provides APIs for showing drawers, snack bars, and bottom sheets. In simpler terms, scaffolds are like a structure defined by a framework that contains the basic elements needed to build a user interface(UI). Scaffold stood for a parent frame that holds a host of other elements used to build a mobile application.
I love to explain terms using food as I think that people relate to food more than building and construction. So, I will relate scaffolds to cake. When you bake, buy, or eat a cake, you (usually) have a variety of options to choose from, but taste, color, shape, and occasion all determine what cake you choose.
However, chefs and bakers know that certain basic ingredients are needed before all the fancy ingredients can come in. These ingredients are flour and water, which set a background for the eggs, baking powder, and flavors to come in. These “extra ingredients” allow the pastry chef to customize, style, and bake to suit the occasion. The scaffold widget allows one to customize pages in an app by providing frame/base ingredients. After we declare the scaffold, we can tap into its API to utilize the other children widgets within.
Of cource, there are many different kinds of Scaffold, such as Aluminum Scaffold Tower, Multifunction Scaffold, Single Width Scaffold, Double Width Scaffold, Systems Scaffold, etc. And scaffold must be used together with other accessories like Aluminum Truss Beam, Scaffold Plank including All Aluminum Plank, Aluminum Plywood Plank, and Aluminum Ladder, etc.
Offering a reliable way to connect pipe systems with the various equipment, valves, and other components of virtually any processing system, flanges are the second most used joining method after welding. Using flanges adds flexibility when maintaining piping systems by allowing for easier disassembly and improved access to system components.
A typical flanged connection is comprised of three parts: Pipe Flanges, Gasket and Bolting
In most cases, there are specific gasket and bolting materials made from the same, or approved materials as the piping components you wish to connect. Stainless Steel flanges are some of the most common. However, flanges are available in a wide range of materials so matching them with your needs is essential. Other common flange materials include Monel, Inconel, Chrome Moly, and many others depending on the application. The best option for your needs will depend on both the system in which you intend to use the flange and your specific requirements.
Flanges are not a one-type-fits-all sort of solution. Sizing aside, matching the ideal flange design to your piping system and intended usage will help to ensure reliable operation, a long service life, and optimal pricing. Here's a look at the most common flange types available.
THREADED FLANGES
Also known as a screwed flange, this style has a thread inside the flange bore which fits with the matching male thread on the pipe or fitting. The threaded connection means you can avoid welding in many use cases. Simply match the threading to the pipes you wish to connect.
SOCKET-WELD FLANGES
Ideal for smaller pipe diameters in low-temperature and low-pressure scenarios, socket-weld flanges feature a connection in which you place the pipe into the flange and then secure the connection with a single multi-pass fillet weld. This makes this style simpler to install than other welded flange types while avoiding the limitations associated with threaded ends.
Slip-on flanges are very common and are available in a large range of sizes to accommodate systems with higher flow rates and throughput. Simply match the flange to the outer diameter of the pipe you intend to connect. Installation is slightly more technical as you’ll need fillet weld both sides to secure the flange to the pipe.
LAP JOINT FLANGES
Featuring a two-piece design, lap joint flanges require butt welding of the stub end to the pipe or fitting with the use of a backing flange to create the flanged connection. This design makes this style popular for use in systems with limited physical space or systems which require frequent dismantling and maintenance.
Like lap joint flanges, weld neck flanges require butt welding for installation. However, their integrity, performance in systems with multiple repeat bends, and the ability to use them in high-pressure and high-temperature systems make them a leading choice for process piping.
Used for terminating or isolating piping systems, blind flanges are essentially boltable blank discs. When installed properly and combined with the correct gaskets, they can achieve an outstanding seal which is easy to remove when needed.
SPECIALTY FLANGES
The flange types listed above are the most common. However, there is a range of additional specialized flange types available to suit a range of uses and environments. Other options include nipoflanges, weldoflanges, expanding flanges, orifice, long weld neck, forged flange, big size flange, high pressure flange and reducing flanges.
With our lives becoming more fast-paced, it's no surprise that disposable vapes have become exceedingly popular. Nowadays we seem to be always on the go trying to make the most out of our day by doing as much as possible at once, including simple things such as eating, drinking and of course vaping.
What is a Disposable Vape?
Disposable vapes are the perfect choice for the on-the-go individual, becoming popular with vapers due to the design that allows them to be used at any time. These are usually small, non-rechargeable devices that are pre-filled with E-Liquid. Each device is a single-use product, meaning when the E-Liquid has run out the device is then discarded and cannot be reused.
How do Disposable Vapes work?
Unlike the rechargeable vape kits, there's no need to press a button, it simply works by inhaling the E-Liquid vapour like you would a cigarette. There's no need to charge the device or replace the coil. Usually, they last around 500-600 puffs depending on your vape style, with many devices boasting even higher rates.
Who benefits from using Disposable Vapes?
Those most likely to benefit from disposable vape devices are smokers who are new to vaping and looking to make the switch from cigarette smoking. Or those who are looking for a spare vape to keep handy for when their refillable vape kit runs out.
What Are The Benefits Of Disposable Vapes?
What makes disposable vapes so popular? Plenty of reasons. For one thing, they are very portable and are smart for going anywhere or travelling. They are also easy and convenient to use, other than being exciting. After all, you can try them in different flavours. These devices are definitely worth their cost, and you can use them in a jiffy.
In the arena of disposable vapes are disposable vape pens. These types of vaping units are some of the latest technologies for e-cig users. If you have just switched from smoking to vaping, you'll find it quite apt to puff disposable vape pens. With the shape and design of a vape pen disposable, you experience the sensation of smoking a traditional tobacco cigarette.
Vape pens as electronic cigarettes are hand-held and vapour-producing devices. They are battery-operated and are filled with e-juice that comes in different flavours. This liquid is infused with nicotine to give you a pleasurable hit. These ingredients are necessary for producing the tasty clouds that you inhale from the vape pen.
There are many different kinds of disposable vapes with differnt capacities, such as 1ml Disposable Vapes, 2ml Disposable Vapes, 3.5ml Disposable Vapes, 5ml Disposable Vapes, 6.5ml Disposable Vapes, 7ml Disposable Vapes, etc. Besides, many vape pods with Closed Pod Systems like Cotton Coil Pod Vapes and Ceramic Coil Pod Vapes are also widely used.
In conclusion, disposable vapes really shine for newcomers to vaping or those looking for a quick fix while on the go. However, if you are looking to make the switch from smoking to vaping, and find vaping works for you, we certainly suggest investing in a reusable device!
Beta Carotene is a compound that gives vivid yellow, orange, and red coloring to vegetables. The body converts Beta Carotene into vitamin A (retinol). Vitamin A, known as a vital nutrient for vision, plays a critical role in cell growth and in maintaining healthy organs like the heart, lungs, and kidneys.
Beta Carotene, which gets its name from the Latin word for carrot, is an antioxidant that is extremely good for your eyes and skin.
Health Benefits
Some health benefits of beta carotene include:
Eye Health
Beta carotene is a provitamin A carotenoid, or a nutrient that the body readily converts into vitamin A. Research has found that eating a carotenoid-rich diet, including beta carotene, supports eye health and prevents eye diseases. Studies have shown that people with high blood levels of carotenoids may reduce their risk of macular degeneration by up to 35 percent. One Korean study found a strong link between beta carotene intake and reduced risk of macular degeneration in smokers.
Improved Cognitive Function
There is evidence that beta carotene, like other antioxidants, may improve memory and cognitive function. A review of multiple studies found that long-term beta carotene supplementation had positive effects on cognitive function and memory.
Except for Natural Carotene, another ingredient called lutein may have the similar effect.
Lutein is a xanthophyll, i.e., an oxygenated carotenoid that all mammalians, humans included, derive from their diet because they are unable to synthesize carotenoids. Several studies have shown that high Lutein intake, either through diet or as nutritional supplement, has beneficial effects on eye diseases, preventing or even improving both age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataract. However, conflicting data had been reported concerning Lutein efficacy, and in 2006, it was claimed that no compelling evidence had been provided concerning the supposed beneficial effect of Lutein on human health.
Furthermore, no univocal data concerning the appropriate dosage for possible Lutein supplementation had been found. More recently, a number of studies have suggested that Lutein may indeed have favorable effects via anti-inflammatory activity, improving cognitive functions, and decreasing the risk of cancer, cardiovascular diseases and other systemic conditions. Overall, it seems that the amount of Lutein intake, including by supplementation, may partly counter inflammatory processes and favor human health, but inconsistencies still remain.
Also, there is a ingredient called Lycopene widely used and offering great effects for human bodies.
Machining of brittle materials is a complex process where crack propagation and fracture risk has to be taken into account in order to improve workpieces lifespan. Machined brittle material workpieces have application in a wide variaty of technology fields, such as civil engineering, transports technology, or optics.
Grinding with a Glass Grinding Machine is the main machining process for producing glass workpieces. However, cutting forces during grinding result in the formation of damaged surfaces which require a polishing operation to complete the machining process. Moreover, damage may propagate under the surface, causing the workpiece to break. Thus, it appears necessary to control the surface damage and roughness during the grinding process.
In order to characterize ground glass surfaces, Ra is the main normalized parameter being used. Yet this parameter doesn't allow the detection of crack growth. We propose here to characterize ground glass surfaces using more appropriate 2D and 3D roughness parameters, such as the ones extracted from the Abbott-Firestone curve Rk, Rvk, Mr2 and their 3D equivalents. Using these parameters, we have determined cutting conditions that improve surface roughness of ground glass workpieces. Considering the large amount of parameters defining the grinding process, a design of experiments using response surface methodology has been developed for this purpose. We have determined optimized cutting conditions that allow to minimize depth and amount of valleys on the brittle material surface, and thus minimize the crack propagation risk.
As for the process for glass, a Glass Drilling Machine for the drilling for glass is also important besides grindind. And hoe to use a drilling machine properly? You can drill glass without breaking it, but you need to use the right tools. The first critical choice is what drill and drill bits to use. To cut glass, you'll have to use a drill bit made of either tungsten carbide or diamond. If you use a diamond drill bit, don't use a hammer drill, as that will damage the diamond drill bit.
When you decide where to drill on the glass, stay away from the edges and corners. You'll want to be at least three-quarters of an inch away from any edge to lessen the chance of cracking the entire sheet. Next you'll want to secure the glass; how you do this will depend on the shape of the glass. For example, you'll secure a glass sheet differently than a glass bottle. The key is to use something sturdy, yet soft, that can absorb the vibration. A rubber pad would work well under a glass sheet.
Once you start drilling, start with a slow speed and light pressure. If you're using a diamond drill bit, you'll want to start with a smaller size than you'll need later. Drilling can produce heat, so make sure to keep the area cool. You can use water by spraying the area or even placing the object in water as you drill it. A common recommendation is to drill just half way through the glass without breaking through it. Then turn the glass over and drill fresh from the other side. This can create a hole that's a bit off-center, but it reduces the chances of cracking the glass.
Lastly, remember some key safety precautions. Wear safety goggles, protective gloves and a mask (you don't want to inhale glass dust). Make sure the drill bit is securely fastened into the drill before turning it on.
Except for these two mathods, there are some other processes with different Glass Processing Machinery may used for a fine glass products such as Glass Cutting Machine, Glass Tempering Furnace, Glass Washing Machine, Glass Lamination Machine, etc. And without doubt, these machines have to be equipped with different Glass Machine Consumables.
Metal powders are used in many manufacturing techniques in order to produce metal parts. Use of metal powders eliminates waste in comparison with traditional machining and is versatile in creating a variety of metal and alloy components. Metal powder technologies are at the forefront of the progressive era of a smarter and greener fabrication.
What are metal powders?
Metal powders are finely divided base materials for metal-part production. The particle size of most metal powders varies from 5-200 μm. Some common fabrication techniques that utilise metal powders are powder metallurgy, additive manufacturing, surface coating, soft magnetic applications, and metal injection moulding. Most types of metals and their alloys come in metal powders such as iron, aluminium, bronze, chromium, cobalt, metal carbides, silicon, and more.
Powdered Metals and Their Common Uses
Powdered metals are extremely versatile and result in less waste when they are used to manufacture certain parts and as coatings for other metals. Our most popular powdered metals include red and black cupric oxide, nickel, aluminum, tin and copper.
Aluminum Powder – Aluminum powder is incredibly versatile. Its flammable properties make it ideal for fireworks and pyrotechnics. It is used for the creation of metallic paints, and it is used in the manufacturing of solar cells in the green energy sector.
Bismuth Powder – Bismuth powder is often used in the creation of alloys, including steel, aluminum and copper alloys, and it can be used as a replacement for lead when manufacturing radiation shielding products. It is also used for the production of batteries and in the creation of welding rods.
Cadmium Oxide Powder – Cadmium oxide powder is often used to create silver alloys and for glazes used on ceramics and for plating steel. It's also a popular choice when it comes to manufacturing transparent conductors, semiconductors and nickel-cadmium batteries.
Granular Copper – Granular copper is most commonly used to make self-lubricating bearings, but it is also used in injection molding, in manufacturing friction components and lubricants and for certain types of coatings.
Iron Powder – Iron powder is used in numerous industries from machining filtration. Common uses of iron powder include the making of magnetics and magnetic products, printing, fortifying iron and creating friction products, like brake pads. It can also be used in the welding industry and for surface coating. It can even be used to create certain types of dyes and stains.
Manganese Powder – Manganese powder is most often used in the steel and iron industries to create alloys for the manufacturing of tools and machinery. The steel and iron alloys are often used to create car parts and materials for the construction industry.
Nickel Based Alloy Powder – Nickel powder is combined with other metals, including steel and iron, in applications where corrosion resistance is a must, like in the marine industry.
Red and Black Cupric Oxide – These powdered metals are formed by combining copper oxides with copper. They are most commonly used for wood treatment and as pigments in glazes and ceramics.
Tin Powder – M and SW grade tin powders are primarily used in spray-on applications for corrosion resistance. It is also used in the manufacturing of high-powered magnets and self-lubricating bearings.
Zinc Powder – Zinc powder is incredibly versatile. It can be used to manufacture galvanized steel and to create brass. It is also used in certain types of paints and for precision die casting as well as for plating other types of metals.
And there are many other types of metal powders like Stainless Steel Powder, Die Steel Powder, Cobalt Based Alloy Powder, Refractory Metal Powder, Soft Magnetic Powder, Silver Powder. They are always used as Additive Manufacturing Powder including MIM Powder, Coating Powder, etc.
They populate the sides of quiet suburban streets, stand at busy intersections and loom large over multi-lane highways. But the traffic signs you see aren't merely aesthetic. They're there to warn you of potential dangers and to give important instructions that will keep you, your passengers and other road users safe.
Why are Traffic Signs Important?
Traffic signs provide valuable information to drivers and other road users. They represent rules that are in place to keep you safe, and help to communicate messages to drivers and pedestrians that can maintain order and reduce accidents. Neglecting them can be dangerous.
Most signs make use of pictures, rather than words, so that they are easy to understand and can be interpreted by people who speak a variety of languages. For this reason, it’s important that you know what each picture represents, and that you use them to inform your driving. Failing to do so could result in a serious accident or a fine.
What Do the Different Traffic Signs Mean?
Traffic signs come in a variety of shapes and colours, and each has a specific meaning. The different shapes and colours are there to help you identify a sign as quickly as possible, without interrupting your driving.
According to the Road Traffic Management Corporation, the various road traffic signs are classified into four main groups and sub-categories, for example:
Regulatory: Control/Command/Prohibition/Reservation
Warning: Road Layout/Direction of Movement
Guidance: Location/Route Markers/Direction
Temporary: Command/Prohibition
All road signs, construction signs, and parking lot signs are intended to convey a clear, yet simple message. The signs should always be prominent enough to command attention and placed in a manner that gives drivers adequate time to respond to the command.
Before traffic safety signs are placed, municipalities will commission an engineering study to gauge its necessity and usefulness in a particular location. After all, no one would want to travel roadways where signs are placed haphazardly and without just cause. Doing so would eventually cause some drivers to fail to respect the traffic signs, possibly causing traffic incidents instead of preventing them.
Besides, different signs can be made of different materials such as Aluminum Sign, PVC Sign, Acrylic Sign and Magnet Sign. Except for all kinds of signs, there are some Alarms like License Plate and Collapsible Road Cone also used for a safe traffic and road travel.
A protective device that is used to protect the electrical power system from surges caused by lightning is known as surge arrester. It includes two terminals like high voltage and ground. Once an electric surge travels through the surge arrester from the power system, then a huge voltage current can travel to the insulation directly otherwise to the ground terminal to protect the system from damage.
Not all surge arresters protect systems from lightning. While lightning current arresters (Class 1) are used to protect against direct lightning surge currents, surge arresters (Class 2) protect equipment from induced surges in electrical wiring. Surge arresters and lightning current arresters from DEHN offer reliable protection against these hazards. And there are many kinds of surge arresters such as Distribution Surge Arrester, Station Surge Arrester, Line Surge Arrester, etc. Different surge arresters have to be equipped with different Metal Oxide Varistors like 5kA Varistor, 10kA Varitor, etc.
How Does a Surge Arrester Work?
The purpose of a surge arrestor is to protect insulation/components from high DV/DT that peak at instantaneous values that are in excess of the breakdown of the insulation or component. Lightning is one common cause of voltage surges. Another common cause is switching in an inductive circuit.
It is possible to capture the occurrence of a voltage surge. Some surge arresters are equipped with "surge counters" that capture the fact that the arrester has discharged current. It is also possible to use other phenomena (sound measurement, light measurement, electric field measurement, etc.) to capture the occurrence of a discharge. Meteorologists routinely capture and record lightning discharges using both ground-based and satellite-based instruments.
It is also possible to capture and record voltage surges, but here the technology gets complicated. A common issue is that a voltage surge is inherently a high-frequency phenomenon, and in order to capture and record (ie, quantify) the event, the measurement system must have a high-frequency response. The kind of instruments that are commonly applied for fundamental frequency voltage measurements don't have sufficient frequency response to accurately capture and record high-frequency voltage transients. They may be able to capture the occurrence of the event, but it is not always possible to accurately quantify the event using those devices.
A surge arrester is a device that protects electrical power systems from damages caused by lightning. A typical surge arrester has both a ground terminal and a high-voltage terminal. When a powerful electric surge travels from the power system to the surge arrester, the high voltage current is sent directly to the insulation or to the ground to avoid damaging the system.
How to Install?
Generally, the installation of surge arresters can be done close to an electric meter to defend the electrical system used in a residence or building from the power surge effects which are occurring from the outside.
It protects other electrical devices that are connected to the power source, however, they cannot provide whole protection from surges that occurs from defective wiring otherwise the overall working of electrical appliances used in homes or in offices.
In chemistry, we call the separation of solids and liquids filtration. In the filtration operation, filter paper is indispensable to filter out solids and liquids.
What is Filter Paper?
The filter paper for laboratory use is one of the common lab consumables. It is normally round in shape and made from cotton fiber and used to filter components. The functional principle of the filter paper is separating the substances through them. They are normally made from fiber, which is the reason that there are keyholes on them. The keyholes resist the big solid particles and provide pathways for the liquid particles. And the most common usage for a filter paper nowadays is as a Printing Filter Paper.
The different kinds of filter papers having different characters are made by different technics. So, what are the main factors in the filter paper selection? There exist four: hardness, capacity, filtration efficiency, and applicability.
Filter Paper Structure
The filter paper is directional. The front side of the filter paper has loose fibers; the mesh surface of the filter paper has tight fibers. The front pores are in the shape of a bell mouth, and the pores become smaller along with the thickness of the filter paper. The thickness of the filter paper is about 0.35～0.5mm, and the particle size of dust particles varies from ranging from a few microns to tens of microns.
Filter paper filtration not only has the function of a screen but also has the function of deep filtration; the side magnification shows that the filter paper is a multi-layer structure. The front of the filter paper should face the direction of airflow, the screen surface should be in the direction of the gas flow. Color lines are drawn on the screen surface to facilitate user identification and prevent mistakes; if the front and back directions are wrong, the filter element is in use, and dust is stored. Ability is reduced by 30%.
As for different materials for paper or film, there is a widely used material that has to be mentioned. It is Cellophane Paper. What is Cellophane or Cello? Cellophane wrap has long been used to encase edible treats like lollies, nuts and baked goodies, however Cellophane wrapping is especially used in floristry to wrap fresh and artificial .
Originally marketed as packaging material in America in 1924, cellophane wrap was the most popular choice of film until the introduction of Polypropylene (PP) in the 1960s. PP quickly became the preferred clear packaging film choice mainly due to its low manufacturing costs and high resistance to many chemicals. Therefore, when referring to cellophane wrap it would encompass both true cellophane (made of wood pulp and cotton) and BOPP (bi-axially orientated polypropylene which means that the PP has been shaped).
What's more, more and more materials are used for different purposes nowadays, such as Non Woven Fabric, Wax Paper, Bopp Film for Flowers Packing and so on.
The steady advancement of technology affects every industry, but none more so than the printing industry. Since the Printing Press was invented there has been a constant effort to improve productivity and efficiency. Because of this demand, the printing industry has always been on the leading edge of the technology curve.
The latest advancement to our industry is Computer to Plate technology, affectionately known as CTP. While CTP is easy to understand in theory, the subtle nuances to the different manufacturer's technologies and the plethora of information by others about how to install and configure your new CTP Plate Making Machines make printers hesitant to take the plunge into this new technology. In actuality, CTP Machines are easy to use and efficient. It saves money and time because it skips an entire step when compared to the old CTF (computer to film) process.
What is CTP?
CTP (Computer to Plate) is a streamlined process of print production. Streamlined in that takes a finalized file from a computer and outputs it directly to a plate. The plates are made from a variety of materials ranging from aluminum to polyester. Once the plate is imaged, it can be used on the press. In the old CTF process the file was sent from the computer to a film processor, then the film image was transferred to the photographic plate so the plate could be used on the press. In the CTP process, the film step and its associated chemicals and bio hazard are completely eliminated.
When you remove the film step and the associated chemicals, you are saving on film and chemical costs, the chemical smell is greatly reduced, and you are producing high quality plates at a faster rate. Since we all know that time = money, what this means is that with each plate you produce, you are saving on the equipment, labor and supply costs that your company has when it produces a print piece for a client.
Because CTP Plate Making Machines use a new and straightforward technology, it stands to reason that there would be a variety of ways to implement it. This variety has emerged in the multiple technologies available for CTP, which are Violet, Thermal, Ink Jet and Poly Plate.
What's the difference in the technologies?
Since violet and thermal are currently the major players in the CTP market I will focus primarily on them. Both Violet and Thermal use laser diodes to transfer the image onto the plate. The difference in the two types of lasers are the color of the laser and the wavelength of the light they emit. Violet has less lasers than a thermal machine and because of this has a lower acquisition cost. If you compare the quality of a violet and a thermal system, you would see that the thermal system can produce better quality than a violet system can. A thermal system can produce line screens exceeding 300lpi, whereas a violet system maxes out at 300lpi. That said, anything over 300lpi is actually overkill on the vast majority of projects.
Due to the fewer number of lasers in the machine, violet plates are light sensitive. This requires either a safelight environment (typically a yellow light) or the auto-load option that most manufacturers have can be used. Conversely, thermal plates can be used in normal daylight conditions.
As to speed of production, violet produces plates faster, but thermal machine manufacturers are trying to cut the time gap with their newer technology. It seems odd though that speed would be a major factor here because compared to the old CTF process, thermal is still much faster.
Except for CTP, there are some other print machines may used like Label Printing and Cutting Machines, Digital Printing and Finishing Machines. They have to work with some Other Printing Materials such as Laser Imagesetters, Printing Plates including Offset Printing CTP Plates and Other Printing Plates, Printing Consumables, etc.